The Scottish Pioneers of Upper Canada, 1784–1855: Glengarry and Beyond

Clint MacNeil teaches history, geography, and world religion at St.
Charles College in Sudbury.

Scottish Highlander settlers arrived in Upper Canada following the
American Revolution in 1784. They were “fiercely loyal to the British
Crown” and their presence would act as a defensive measure against any
Yankee invasion. They established residence in Glengarry, Perth, and
Lanark, gradually expanding across western Upper Canada as the frontier
expanded. Eventually, word of the favourable conditions spread, and
before long fellow Scots poured into the region.

Contrary to popular belief, most Scots “arrived safely and in good
health.” However, emigration societies were formed to assist the less
fortunate by channelling funds and organizing departures. After 1815,
the government no longer offered free passage as an incentive to
emigrate. Scottish lairds who originally perceived immigration as a
threat soon realized that it was a means of “alleviating [tenants’]
distress” and provided assistance during the infamous Highland
clearances. Those who did arrive during this period were destitute, with
little means to travel beyond the port.

Given their early arrival and ability to adapt to isolation, it is
little wonder the Scots flourished. Arriving in greater numbers,
Lowlander Scots assimilated fairly easily, while Highlanders spoke
Gaelic and retained their clannish customs. The Scots promoted their
culture through music and the Highland games, and shaped the future
province of Ontario through education, business, politics, and the arts.

This comprehensive overview of Scottish settlement in Upper Canada
includes numerous pictures, tables, and maps. The author has done
meticulous research. In addition to her exhaustive bibliography and
archival sources, she provides detailed passenger lists that will prove
invaluable for future researchers. Her book leaves little doubt that the
“Scots are the best and most successful of all emigrants.”